# Common Errors

Listed below are some of the most common grammatical issues that come up as well as house-style deviations from the norms. (We’ll ignore things like compliment/complement, stationery/stationary, etc. When in doubt, and even when not, look it up.)

#### Confusing subject and indirect object in compound constructions

This mistake is ubiquitous in spoken English, however, it is not yet acceptable in written English and weakens the speaker’s credibility as a writer/editor in spoken language. It appears in emails even from people who went to elite schools, so there is a danger that it may show up in an article.

Non-standard English: ~~Me and Karl~~ will write a manifesto that will change the world. The workers responded to ~~Karl and I~~. Standard English: Karl and I wrote a manifesto. The workers responded to Karl and me.

Simple test to avoid this mistake: Eliminate the compound subject or indirect object and just use the word “I." If you say, “Me will write a manifesto,” the error is obvious. Ditto for “The workers responded to I.”

#### That and Which

That and which (depends on apposition): which is followed by a comma, while that is not (except in British English, when quoting). “Which” introduces a relative clause. It allows qualifiers that may not be essential. e.g., I recommend you eat only organic fruits and vegetables, which are available in area grocery stores. In this case, you don’t have to go to a specific grocery store to obtain organic fruits and vegetables. “Which” qualifies, “that” restricts. “Which” is more ambiguous however, and by virtue of its meaning is flexible enough to be used in many restrictive clauses. e.g., The house, which is burning, is mine. e.g., The house that is burning is mine. \


I oppose taxes that are unjust.

I oppose taxes, which are unjust.

Cars, which have wheels, are a good way to get around Scotland.

Cars that are blue are highly prized in Scotland.\


#### You’re vs. Your

You are = You’re. For example, “You’re officially part of the club. Congratulations!”

Related to you = Your. For example, “Thank you. Your efforts have undeniably increased our revenue stream”\
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Biggest common mistake: Your welcome. Should be You’re welcome!

#### They’re vs. Their vs. There

They are = They’re. For example: “They’re joining us for dinner Friday evening, so be sure and purchase enough red and white wine for the entire group”

Belonging to them = Their. For example: “Their dedication was simply remarkable, and I would work with them again in a heartbeat”

Regarding a location = There. For example: “I will leave the envelope over there”

#### Lose vs. Loose

Opposite of win = Lose. For example: “I have a feeling the Bulls are going to lose this game”

Opposite of tight = Loose. For example: “Please fix the loose handle immediately”\
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It’s vs. Its\
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Short for it is or it has = It’s. For example: “This is going to change the way we view this industry. It’s earth-shattering!”\
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Possessive form of it = Its. For example: “A lie gets halfway around the world before the truth has a chance to get its pants on” - Winston Churchill\
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Effect vs. Affect\
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A result = Effect. For example: “The lighting had a major effect on productivity levels. With more natural light in the room, employees appear more inspired”

To influence = Affect. For example: “The new HR team is affecting employees’ motivation, and the feedback we have been receiving is overwhelmingly positive!”

Alot

This word does not exist. What you are trying to say is “a lot” for example, maybe you have a lot of marketing experience. Additionally, it is unprofessional. Try replacing this with words like “ample” or “x years of marketing experience”.\
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Then vs. Than\
Time related =Then. For example: “We are looking forward to meeting you then”

Comparison related =Than. For example: “I much prefer to meet in my area, rather than yours, as mine has a wide variety of restaurants and coffee shops”

Saying “I have more to offer then that” to an investor won’t lead to your next round of funding.\
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Lay and Lie&#x20;

This is the crown jewel of all grammatical errors. “Lay” is a transitive verb. It requires a direct subject and one or more objects. Its present tense is “lay” (e.g., I lay the pencil on the table) and its past tense is “laid” (e.g., Yesterday I laid the pencil on the table). “Lie” is an intransitive verb. It needs no object. Its present tense is “lie” (e.g., The Andes mountains lie between Chile and Argentina) and its past tense is “lay” (e.g., The man lay waiting for an ambulance). The most common mistake occurs when the writer uses the past tense of the transitive “lay” (e.g., I laid on the bed) when he/she actually means the intransitive past tense of “lie" (e.g., I lay on the bed).&#x20;

### Who and Whom&#x20;

This one opens a big can of worms. “Who” is a subjective — or nominative — pronoun, along with "he," "she," "it," "we," and "they." It’s used when the pronoun acts as the subject of a clause. “Whom” is an objective pronoun, along with "him," "her," "it", "us," and "them." It’s used when the pronoun acts as the object of a clause. Using “who” or “whom” depends on whether you’re referring to the subject or object of a sentence. When in doubt, substitute “who” with the subjective pronouns “he” or “she,” e.g., Who loves you? cf., He loves me. Similarly, you can also substitute “whom” with the objective pronouns “him” or “her.” e.g., I consulted an attorney whom I met in New York. cf., I consulted him. \


## Less and fewer

Use fewer if you’re referring to people or things in the plural (e.g. houses, newspapers, dogs, students, children). For example:

People these days are buying fewer newspapers.

Fewer students are opting to study science-related subjects.

Fewer than thirty children each year develop the disease.

&#x20;Use less when you’re referring to something that can’t be counted or doesn’t have a plural (e.g. money, air, time, music, rain). For example:

It’s a better job but they pay you less money.

People want to spend less time in traffic jams.

Ironically, when I’m on tour, I listen to less music.

Less is also used with numbers when they are on their own and with expressions of measurement or time, e.g.:

His weight fell from 18 stone to less than 12.

Their marriage lasted less than two years.

Heath Square is less than four miles away from Dublin city centre

You can read more about using less and fewer on the [Oxford Dictionaries blog](http://oxforddictionaries.com/words/less-or-fewer). Here you will find tips on how to use less and fewer correctly as well as exceptions to the general rules about their usage.

### Moot&#x20;

Contrary to common misuse, “moot” doesn’t imply something is superfluous. It means a subject is disputable or open to discussion. e.g., The idea that commercial zoning should be allowed in the residential neighborhood was a moot point for the council.&#x20;

### Continual and Continuous&#x20;

They’re similar, but there’s a difference. “Continual” means something that's always occurring, with obvious lapses in time. “Continuous” means something continues without any stops or gaps in between. e.g., The continual music next door made it the worst night of studying ever. e.g., Her continuous talking prevented him from concentrating.&#x20;

### Envy and Jealousy&#x20;

The word “envy” implies a longing for someone else’s good fortunes. “Jealousy” is far more nefarious. It’s a fear of rivalry, often present in sexual situations. “Envy” is when you covet your friend’s good looks. “Jealousy” is what happens when your significant other swoons over your good-looking friend.&#x20;

### Nor&#x20;

“Nor” expresses a negative condition. It literally means "and not." You’re obligated to use the “nor” form if your sentence expresses a negative and follows it with another negative condition. “Neither the men nor the women were drunk” is a correct sentence because “nor” expresses that the women held the same negative condition as the men. The old rule is that “nor” typically follows “neither,” and “or” follows “either.” However, if neither “either” nor “neither” is used in a sentence, you should use “nor” to express a second negative, as long as the second negative is a verb. If the second negative is a noun, adjective, or adverb, you would use “or,” because the initial negative transfers to all conditions. e.g., He won’t eat broccoli or asparagus. The negative condition expressing the first noun (broccoli) is also used for the second (asparagus).&#x20;

### May and Might&#x20;

“May” implies a possibility. “Might” implies far more uncertainty. “You may get drunk if you have two shots in ten minutes” implies a real possibility of drunkenness. “You might get a ticket if you operate a tug boat while drunk” implies a possibility that is far more remote. Someone who says “I may have more wine” could mean he/she doesn't want more wine right now, or that he/she “might” not want any at all. Given the speaker’s indecision on the matter, “might” would be correct.&#x20;

### Whether and If&#x20;

Many writers seem to assume that “whether” is interchangeable with “if." It isn’t. “Whether” expresses a condition where there are two or more alternatives. “If” expresses a condition where there are no alternatives. e.g., I don’t know whether I’ll get drunk tonight. e.g., I can get drunk tonight if I have money for booze.&#x20;

### Fewer and Less&#x20;

“Less” is reserved for hypothetical quantities. “Few” and “fewer” are for things you can quantify. e.g., The firm has fewer than ten employees. e.g., The firm is less successful now that we have only ten employees.&#x20;

### Farther and Further&#x20;

The word “farther” implies a measurable distance. “Further” should be reserved for abstract lengths you can't always measure. e.g., I threw the ball ten feet farther than Bill. e.g., The financial crisis caused further implications.&#x20;

### Since and Because&#x20;

“Since” refers to time. “Because” refers to causation. e.g., Since I quit drinking I’ve married and had two children. e.g., Because I quit drinking I no longer wake up in my own vomit.&#x20;

### Disinterested and Uninterested&#x20;

Contrary to popular usage, these words aren’t synonymous. A “disinterested” person is someone who’s impartial. For example, a hedge fund manager might take interest in a headline regarding the performance of a popular stock, even if he's never invested in it. He’s “disinterested,” i.e., he doesn’t seek to gain financially from the transaction he’s witnessed. Judges and referees are supposed to be "disinterested." If the sentence you’re using implies someone who couldn't care less, chances are you’ll want to use “uninterested.”&#x20;

### Anxious&#x20;

Unless you’re frightened of them, you shouldn’t say you’re “anxious to see your friends.” You’re actually “eager,” or "excited." To be “anxious” implies a looming fear, dread or anxiety. It doesn’t mean you’re looking forward to something.&#x20;

### Different Than and Different From&#x20;

This is a tough one. Words like “rather” and “faster” are comparative adjectives, and are used to show comparison with the preposition “than,” (e.g., greater than, less than, faster than, rather than). The adjective “different” is used to draw distinction. So, when “different” is followed by a preposition, it should be “from,” similar to “separate from,” “distinct from,” or “away from.” e.g., My living situation in New York was different from home. There are rare cases where “different than” is appropriate, if “than” operates as a conjunction. e.g., Development is different in New York than in Los Angeles. When in doubt, use “different from.”&#x20;

### Bring and Take&#x20;

In order to employ proper usage of “bring” or “take,” the writer must know whether the object is being moved toward or away from the subject. If it is toward, use “bring.” If it is away, use “take.” Your spouse may tell you to “take your clothes to the cleaners.” The owner of the dry cleaners would say “bring your clothes to the cleaners.”&#x20;

### Affect and Effect&#x20;

Here’s a trick to help you remember: “Affect” is almost always a verb (e.g., Facebook affects people’s attention spans), and “effect” is almost always a noun (e.g., Facebook's effects can also be positive). “Affect” means to influence or produce an impression — to cause hence, an effect. “Effect” is the thing produced by the affecting agent; it describes the result or outcome. There are some exceptions. “Effect” may be used as a transitive verb, which means to bring about or make happen. e.g., My new computer effected a much-needed transition from magazines to Web porn. There are similarly rare examples where “affect” can be a noun. e.g., His lack of affect made him seem like a shallow person.&#x20;

### Irony and Coincidence&#x20;

"Irony" is the incongruity in a series of events between the expected results and the actual results. "Coincidence" is a series of events that appear planned when they’re actually accidental. So, it would be "ironic" if “Barbara moved from California to New York to escape California men, but the first man she ended up meeting and falling in love with was a fellow Californian.”&#x20;

### Nauseous / Nauseated

To be “nauseous” doesn’t mean you’ve been sickened: it actually means you possess the ability to produce nausea in others. e.g., That week-old hot dog is nauseous. When you find yourself disgusted or made ill by a nauseating agent, you are actually “nauseated.” e.g., Some people are nauseated by the smell of durian, while others find it very appetizing.\
